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p;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/mpchecktextamp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;mpchecktextcontenteditable=amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;falseamp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;id=amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;3_0.amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/mpchecktextamp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;mpchecktextcontenteditable=amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;falseamp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;id=amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;1_0.amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;quot;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/mpchecktextamp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;中国佛教从印度传入,历经两千多年,这中间大师辈出,信仰者无量无数。要说哪一个人对中国佛教整体影响最大?可能大家有不同的选择,“仁者见仁,智者见智”。比如,可能有人会说唐代的玄奘大师、天台宗的智者大师,或者禅宗的六祖惠能大师,像这些大师都是鼎鼎有名,影响巨大,可以讲都有资格。 我是从哪个角度来说的呢?如果讲名气,在学术界、文化界、社会层面上,相信玄奘大师、智者大师、惠能大师名气可能比善导大师更大一些。 如果比贡献,我想有几个方面,其中一个方面是看他影响人数的多寡。毫无疑问,净土宗的信仰者从古到今都是最多的,尤其是今天这个时代,绝大多数人都是向往阿弥陀佛的净土,这都离不开善导大师的影响。 当然也有昙鸾大师、道绰大师,还有历史的累积。总的来讲,善导大师因为建立了净土宗,有弥陀化身的称誉,他的影响是无法比拟的。 中国佛教在隋唐以前还没有建立宗派,几乎多数还是模仿印度,到了隋唐以后才建立宗派。中国人作为学生,不论从语言上、思想上,还是从教理的组织上,要表达自己对佛教的理解,出了成果向老师汇报,从而建立宗派。 第一,影响最大。 首先讲影响,净土宗、禅宗这两个可以讲是影响最大的;但是讲人数众多,还是净土宗,历史上有所谓“家家弥陀佛,户户观世音”。 现在,即便是禅宗的各大道场,也都有念佛堂,禅也已经是没落了;即使在唐宋禅宗非常兴盛的时代,有很多参禅开悟的大德,但人数跟念佛比还是相差甚远,像宋代举办的念佛会,参加的人都有十万、二十万,它很容易普及。 所以,在全国的信众当中,从古到今,净土的信仰者、念佛的人最多。 这是讲的第一方面,跟善导大师相关的。 第二,时间最久。 中国八大宗派的创立,有些宗派只传很短时间就不再传了。 比如玄奘大师创立的法相宗,到窥基大师创立唯识宗,其实没有传多长时间就后继乏人,自然就影响式微;像三论宗也没有传多长时间,戒律宗也一直不兴盛。 就时间来讲,比较久远的还是禅和净,因为中国人喜欢简洁。禅的时间还不如净土,现在都是“口头禅”,已经没有真正的禅了;唐宋是禅最兴盛的时候,到明清已经没落了。 所以,讲时效性,其他各宗各派都比较短。 可是净土呢,从创宗一开始就兴盛不衰,一直到现在。 推列祖师,近代大家都知道净土宗第十三祖印光大师,或者说第十五祖。近代其他宗派的祖师基本上已经不说了。这是从历史上讲。 那向未来来看呢? 更是一枝独秀。法灭万年,净土独兴,念佛特胜。 所以,它的时间不光是创宗之后这一千几百年,以后还有八千年九千年,这都属于净土的时效范围之内,只要净土存在,都会念佛。在中国佛教来讲,推动力最大的人物就是善导大师。他把这句南无阿弥陀佛名号推到每个人心中,不论你是不是佛教徒,有归依的还是没有归依的,谁不对这句阿弥陀佛有所了解呢? 以上是从时间来讲。 第三,从地域来说,念佛法门影响面积也是最广泛。 我们讲的地域不光是指中国,而是指世界范围之内。 首先是我们华人文化圈范围之内,中国、日本、韩国,历史上朝鲜及东南亚这一带,包括移民到欧美;日本的净土宗、净土真宗传到欧美,这也是跟善导大师相关。因为日本的净土宗、净土真宗,整个净土法系,都是唯一尊崇善导大师的,这样就传遍全世界。 当然,其他的像禅和密,在世界范围之内也有影响。如果就华人圈当中,仍然是以净土为主;以欧美来讲,像密宗,因为近代藏人到印度这种因缘,传到欧美比较多。 这是从地域来说。 第四,从弘化成效来说,也是以净土宗最殊胜,成就、成效最大。 怎么说呢? 因为禅,开悟多难得;密,当生成就也是寥若晨星;其他的像天台华严,教理非常宏富,理论非常深邃,真正靠它修行能够证悟实相、悟入十玄门,这都是很难的,寥寥无几。 而净土宗,只要念佛就能往生,只要往生就必定成佛。 佛法的基本目标,大乘佛法就是讲成佛,各宗各派提出宏富的理论、高深的修行,但是能够过关,能够得到成佛保证的少之又少。净土宗只要能往生,就能成佛。 从古到今往生有多少? 古代历史文献不发达,现在你看,往生是非常容易的,并不是很难。善导大师说“十即十生,百即百生”,从古到今,念佛往生的比比皆是,而且往生都成佛。可以讲,这才是把佛教的最究竟的利益落实下来,哪个宗派能够相比呢?这也和善导大师分不开,哪一位大师也不能跟善导大师相比。 我们从另外一个角度说,一代佛法最后的归宿,都归到净土宗。中国佛教大乘八大宗派,大家到最后都要归入净土。 所以,八大宗派创宗的祖师也好,传承的祖师也好,其实他们所做的贡献最后都要归到善导大师所创立的这个净土宗,才能有画龙点睛的作用;就如同百川归大海,如果没有大海,百川无所归向。 各宗各派所有这些祖师大德的功德,都是作为善导大师影响的前方便。可见善导大师的影响有多大,是综合性、归宗结顶式的。 谈到中国佛教,几乎所有人都得出了共同的答案,就是一句“南无阿弥陀佛”,这句南无阿弥陀佛成了中国佛教最凝练的一种信仰文化的符号,这也和善导大师分不开。 而且,所有修行人最终的希望也是归在极乐净土,归在念这句南无阿弥陀佛,它对老百姓的日常生活也产生了深刻的影响。 在早些时候,人们互相打招呼就是念阿弥陀佛。为什么这样?不知道为什么。像我们小的时候也一样,父母跟孩子讲话突然就冒出一句“阿弥陀佛”,平常人也会念出这一句,你问他这从哪来,代表什么意思,他并不清楚;听到人家一些消息心里难过,表示同情也是“阿弥陀佛”;听说一个人作恶多端,后来得到了应有的惩罚,也感到这很公平,也念一句“阿弥陀佛”。 总之,遇到伤心事、难过事、好事、欢喜事,都是一句南无阿弥陀佛。 平常老百姓说“送你到西天”,为什么是送到西天,不是送到东天、南天呢?“西天”就是西方极乐世界,是往生的归宿,这句话也透露出人们都知道净土是我们的归宿,虽然他自己未必很清楚,这种影响就是“百姓日用而不知”,影响深刻,深远。 还有比如说,中国人喜欢做七,头七、二七啊,做七总少不了念佛,念这句“阿弥陀佛”;这些也都有净土宗的观念在当中,跟善导大师都有关系。 这么深远的影响,应该很多人知道吧。其实,善导大师在净土宗的信仰者当中是非常崇高的,但社会还未必知道。 什么原因呢? 一方面是因为我们宣扬不够;另一方面,正是因为他的德行太崇高、太伟大了,所以人家基本都不知道,所谓“百姓日用而不知”。 就好比说太阳存在着,但基本上大家都觉得司空见惯、天经地义,生下来就有太阳,这还有什么好说的?所以大家反而不是特别 |
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